Catharsis
- Purification of emotion.
- Releasing and providing relief from repressed emotions.
Hamartia
- A fatal flaw leading to the tragic downfall of a hero or heroine.
- They usually lose others close to them and lose respect.
Hubris
- Excessive pride or self confidence.
- One's hubris can lead to their hamartia, and subsequent downfall.
Reversal
- When characters should experience a transition from good fortune to bad fortune.
Recognition
- Characters should move from ignorant to knowledgeable.
- This transition can occur through any means.
- Recognition allows the character to see their own flaws and hubris.
- Recognition can allow the character to prevent poor outcomes, but can also occur only once it is too late, depending on the author's choice.
Ethos
- Ethos is appeal through credibility and trust.
- One's expertise, honestly and benevolence and its effect on an audience.
- Often used in advertisements, campaigns, etc.
- Ethos is ascribed to the speaker by the audience.
Tone
Counter Arguments
Image
Quotation (direct or indirect)
Expertise
Logo
Jargon
Structural Features
Anecdotes
Tone
Counter Arguments
Pathos
- Pathos refers to appealing to the audience's emotions.
- Authors don't use pathos, but use authorial choices that help create the effect of pathos.
- Pathos is used to persuade by appealing to one's emotions and feelings.
Connotation and Denotation
Image
Adjectives and adverbs
First Person
Mood
Anecdotes
Logos
- Logos is appeal to one's logic.
- Logos is used to persuade through logical arguments.
Assertion
Statistics and figures
Facts
Third person
Image
Audience Awareness
- Persuasive speakers should be aware of their audiences.
- Therefore they can apply proper authorial choices to achieve the effects of logos, pathos or ethos, depending on which is most effective to the audience being spoken to.
- Additionally they can structure their arguments in a way relevant to the audience and context